Abrams, D. I., et al. (2011). Cannabinoid–opioid interaction in chronic pain. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 90(6), 844–851.
Bergeria, C. L., Huhn, A. S., & Dunn, K. E. (2020). The impact of naturalistic cannabis use on self-reported opioid withdrawal. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 113, 108005.
Boehnke, K. F., Litinas, E., & Clauw, D. J. (2016). Medical cannabis use is associated with decreased opiate medication use in a retrospective cross-sectional survey of patients with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 17(6), 739–744.
Boehnke, K. F., et al. (2021). Substituting cannabidiol for opioids and pain medications among individuals with fibromyalgia: A large online survey. The Journal of Pain, 22(11), 1418–1428.
Capano, A., Weaver, R., & Burkman, E. (2020). Evaluation of the effects of CBD hemp extract on opioid use and quality of life indicators in chronic pain patients: A prospective cohort study. Postgraduate Medicine, 132(1), 56–61.
Che, T., & Roth, B. L. (2023). Molecular basis of opioid receptor signaling. Cell, 186(24), 5203–5219.
Chen, Y., & Abdi, S. (2022). Basic science: Pain mechanisms and pathways. In R. K. Banik (Ed.), Anesthesiology in-training exam review. Springer.
Freynhagen, R., et al. (2019). Current understanding of the mixed pain concept: A brief narrative review. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 35(6), 1011–1018.
Haroutounian, S., et al. (2016). The effect of medicinal cannabis on pain and quality-of-life outcomes in chronic pain: A prospective open-label study. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 32(12), 1036–1043.
Hurd, Y. L., et al. (2019). Cannabidiol for the reduction of cue-induced craving and anxiety in drug-abstinent individuals with heroin use disorder: A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Psychiatry, 176(11), 911–922.
Lopez, C. D., et al. (2021). State medical cannabis laws associated with reduction in opioid prescriptions by orthopaedic surgeons in Medicare Part D cohort. JAAOS: Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 29(4), e188–e197.
Lozano-Rojas, F., et al. (2025). Cannabis laws and opioid use among commercially insured patients with cancer diagnoses. JAMA Health Forum, 6(10).
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2017). The health effects of cannabis and cannabinoids: The current state of evidence and recommendations for research. National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/24625
Nielsen, S., et al. (2022). Opioid-sparing effect of cannabinoids for analgesia: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical and clinical studies. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47(7), 1315–1330.
Pritchett, C. E., et al. (2022). Medical cannabis patients report improvements in health functioning and reductions in opiate use. Substance Use & Misuse, 57(13), 1883–1892.
Quintero, J. M., Diaz, L. E., Galve-Roperh, I., Bustos, R. H., Leon, M. X., Beltran, S., & Dodd, S. (2024). The endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target in neuropathic pain: A review. Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 28(9), 739–755.
Reiman, A., Welty, M., & Solomon, P. (2017). Cannabis as a substitute for opioid-based pain medication: Patient self-report. Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research, 2(1), 160–166.
Roberts, J. D., Gennings, C., & Shih, M. (2006). Synergistic affective analgesic interaction between delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol and morphine. European Journal of Pharmacology, 530(1–2), 54–58.
Socías, M. E., et al. (2018). High-intensity cannabis use is associated with retention in opioid agonist treatment: A longitudinal analysis. Addiction, 113(12), 2250–2258.
Takakuwa, K. M., & Sulak, D. (2020). A survey on the effect that medical cannabis has on prescription opioid medication usage for the treatment of chronic pain at three medical cannabis practice sites. Cureus, 12(12).
Yu, Y., et al. (2022). Cannabinoid 1 and mu-opioid receptor agonists synergistically inhibit abdominal pain and lack side effects in mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 42(33), 6313–6324.
Zhang, M., Wang, T., Meng, F., Jiang, M., Wu, S., & Xu, H. (2024). The endocannabinoid system in the brain undergoes long-lasting changes following neuropathic pain. iScience, 27(12).
Zubrzycki, M., et al. (2022). Effect of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor URB597 on orofacial pain perception in rats. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(9), 4665.
